Designing Letter and Reply Mail (PUB 25).Only abbreviate statistical terms (such as SD and M) and units of measurement (such as kg and min) if you are also using a number. If you are following the APA style guidelines, there are some specific guidelines for certain types of abbreviation. If you are writing on a legal topic, you should adhere to the relevant style. The conventions must be strictly followed, but they vary between countries and universities. Doctor to Dr, Mister to Mr, but Honourable to Hon., Drive to Dr.)Ībbreviations (including acronyms) are heavily used in legal writing. Title abbreviations take a period only if the abbreviation does not end on the last letter of the full word (e.g. Doctor to Dr., Mister to Mr., Honorable to Hon., Drive to Dr.) Most title abbreviations take a period (e.g. For general abbreviations, there are differences in punctuation between US and UK English. Periods should always be used with Latin abbreviations, but not with contractions or acronyms. Many species of primates, such as orangutans, are endangered.

Many species of primates (e.g., orangutans) are endangered.

Instead, put them inside parentheses followed by a comma, or write out full words. In general, it’s best to avoid using these abbreviations in the main text, especially in US English. Make sure not to confuse “e.g.” and “i.e.”.

Used in footnote and endnote citations when citing the same source and page twice in a row Used after the first author when citing publications with multiple authorsĬonsumers experience greater risk with online purchases (Writers et al., 2016, p. There are many species of primates that are endangered (gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, etc.). Used at the end of a list in parentheses to indicate more unstated items on the list Many endangered species (i.e., species that are very likely to become extinct) are primates. Used to clarify, specify or restate something in parentheses Many species of primates (e.g., orangutans) are endangered. There are some Latin abbreviations that are common in academic writing. Capitalizing chapter and section headings.

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